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How exactly does sound work?
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If a tree falls in a forest but no one is around to hear it, does it make a sound?
There are sounds all around us. Sound is made from vibrations, which are a series of small, fast movements that move back and forth or from side to side. Even our voices create sound because our vocal cords move from side to side. We can feel it whenever we put our hands on our throats and hum.
When an object vibrates, it causes movement in the surrounding air particles. Those particles bump into other particles, making them vibrate too. This process continue until the particles run out of energy. This movement is called sound waves.
Sound waves are what help vibrations travel. Whenever we are close enough to an object's vibrations, the sound waves it creates will reach our ear.
Have you ever heard of pitch and volume? Pitch has to do with the highness or lowness of a sound. Faster vibrations yield a higher pitch while slower vibrations yield a lower pitch. Volume, on the other hand, measures the loudness or quietness of sound. This is also called its intensity or power. The higher a sound's intensity, the higher its volume.
Longitudinal waves
The direction of the wave is
PARALLEL
to the direction of the vibration of the particles.
e.g Sound Waves.
Longitudinal wave: An image of a slinky being stretched and released. The slinky represents the medium through which the wave is traveling, and the coils of the slinky represent the particles of the medium. The coils of the slinky move parallel to the direction of the wave.
e.g Sound Waves
Transverse waves
The direction of the wave is
PERPENDICULAR
to the direction of the vibration of the particles.
e.g. Water wave, Light wave, Electromagnetic spectrum
Transverse wave: An image of a wave on a rope. The rope represents the medium through which the wave is traveling, and the up and down motion of the rope represents the oscillation of the particles of the medium. The particles of the rope move perpendicular to the direction of the wave.
e.g. Water wave, Light wave, Electromagnetic spectrum
Longitudinal and Transverse
Wave Motion
The animations below demonstrate both types of wave and illustrate the difference between the motion of the wave and the motion of the particles in the medium through which the wave is traveling.
Longitudinal Waves
Transverse Waves
Water Waves
Combination of both longitudinal and transverse motions in water
Rayleigh Surface Waves
Combination of both longitudinal and transverse motions in solids
Have you ever "done the wave" as part of a large crowd at a football game? A group of people jumps up and sits back down. Some nearby people see them and they jump up, some people further away follow suit and pretty soon you have a wave traveling around the stadium. The wave is the disturbance (people jumping up and sitting back down), and it travels around the stadium. However, none of the individual people the stadium are carried around with the wave as it travels - they all remain at their seats.
Sound waves in air behave in much the same way. As the wave pulse passes through, the particles in the air oscillate back and forth about their equilibrium positions but it is the disturbance which travels, not the individual particles in the medium. There are several other examples of wave types which can propagate through a mechanical medium.
Sawtooth wave
Sine wave
Square wave
Triangle wave
A sawtooth wave is a non-sinusoidal wave that has a sawtooth shape. It is often used in electronic oscillators and synthesizers.
A sine wave is a smooth, undulating wave that has a sinusoidal shape. It is the most common type of wave and is often used to represent periodic phenomena, such as sound waves and ocean waves.
A square wave is a non-sinusoidal wave that has a sharp, rectangular shape. It is often used in digital electronics and computing.
A triangle wave is a non-sinusoidal wave that has a triangular shape. It is often used in electronic oscillators and synthesizers.
Sound Direction
Sound waves travel in a straight line unless they are reflected, refracted, or absorbed by an object.
Amplitude
The amplitude of a sound wave is the distance between a compression and a rarefaction. The greater the amplitude, the louder the sound.
Frequency
The frequency of a sound wave is the number of compressions and rarefactions that pass a given point in a unit of time. The higher the frequency, the higher the pitch of the sound.
Wavelength
The wavelength of a sound wave is the distance between two consecutive compressions or rarefactions. The longer the wavelength, the lower the pitch of the sound.
Velocity
The velocity of a sound wave is the speed at which it travels through a medium. The velocity of sound depends on the properties of the medium.
Sound waves reflecting off of a surface: This image shows a sound wave reflecting off of a surface. The sound wave is represented by the wavy lines, and the surface is represented by the dashed line.
Sound waves refracting through a medium: This image shows a sound wave refracting through a medium. The sound wave is represented by the wavy lines, and the medium is represented by the shaded area.
Sound waves being absorbed by an object: This image shows a sound wave being absorbed by an object. The sound wave is represented by the wavy lines, and the object is represented by the solid rectangle.
This image shows a 3D representation of sound waves traveling in a straight line through air. The sound waves are represented by the red lines, and the air is represented by the blue area. The sound waves are getting weaker as they travel away from the source.
What is sound?
Sound is a form of energy that is created by vibrations. When an object vibrates, it causes the surrounding medium (air, water, or solid) to vibrate as well. These vibrations are what we perceive as sound.
How does sound travel in simple terms?
Sound travels in mechanical waves. A mechanical wave is a disturbance that moves and transports energy from one place to another through a medium. In sound, the disturbance is a vibrating object. And the medium can be any series of interconnected and interactive particles.
How does sound travel?
Sound waves travel through a medium in a longitudinal wave. This means that the particles of the medium vibrate back and forth in the same direction that the sound wave is traveling. The speed of sound depends on the properties of the medium. In air, the speed of sound is about 767 miles per hour (1,235 kilometers per hour)
How does sound travel through the air?
Sound is all about vibrations.The source of a sound vibrates, bumping into nearby air molecules which in turn bump into their neighbours, and so forth. This results in a wave of vibrations travelling through the air to the eardrum, which in turn also vibrates.
What causes sound waves?
Sound waves are created by object vibrations and produce pressure waves, for example, a ringing cellphone. The pressure wave disturbs the particles in the surrounding medium, and those particles disturb others next to them, and so on.
How does sound travel and how fast?
The speed of sound is the distance travelled per unit of time by a sound wave as it propagates through an elastic medium. At 20 °C (68 °F), the speed of sound in air is about 343 metres per second (1,125 ft/s; 1,235 km/h; 767 mph; 667 kn), or one kilometre in 2.91 s or one mile in 4.69 s.
Why is there no sound in space?
Sound travels through the vibration of atoms and molecules in a medium (such as air or water). In space, where there is no air, sound has no way to travel.
Do sound waves ever stop?
Sound cannot travel through empty space; it is carried by vibrations in a material, or medium (like air, steel, water, wood, etc). As the particles in the medium vibrate, energy is lost to heat, viscous processes, and molecular motion. So, the sound wave gets smaller and smaller until it disappears.
Which does sound travel faster?
Sound is a form of energy that is caused by the vibration of matter.
Sound is transmitted through waves, which travel through solids, liquids and gases Sound waves travel fastest in solids, then in liquids, and the slowest in gases. Liquids are not packed as tightly as solids and gases are very loosely packed.
We are most used to the sound travelling through air, but sound is able to travel faster and further in solids and liquids.
What are the 4 types of sound waves?
The primary waveform that make up the basic ingredients of sound;
Sine Wave.
Square Wave.
Triangle Wave.
Sawtooth Wave.
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